PHP7 introduced '？ ？ 'And'？ Explain the difference between: '

Practice brings true knowledge ~

Test code

Input test:

<?php
  $array = [
    'a' => 1,
    'b' => 2,
    'c' => [],
  ];
  $a = $array['c'] ?? 0;
  $b = $array['c'] ?: 0;
  $c = $array['d'] ?? 0;
  $d = $array['d'] ?: 0;
  $e = $array['c'] ? 1 : 0;
  $f = isset($array['c']) ? 1 : 0;
  $g = $array['d'] ? 1 : 0;
  $h = isset($array['d']['e']) ? 1 : 0;
  $i = !empty($array['c']) ? 1 : 0;
  $j = !empty($array['d']) ? 1 : 0;
  var_dump($a);
  var_dump($b);
  var_dump($c);
  var_dump($d);
  var_dump($e);
  var_dump($f);
  var_dump($g);
  var_dump($h);
  var_dump($i);
  var_dump($j);

Output:

PHP Notice: Undefined index: d in /home/fanyu/abc.php on line 11
PHP Notice: Undefined index: d in /home/fanyu/abc.php on line 14
array(0) {
}
int(0)
int(0)
int(0)
int(0)
int(1)
int(0)
int(0)
int(0)
int(0)

Conclusion

$a? ? 0 is equivalent to isset ($a)? $a: 0. $a? : 0 equals $a? $a: 0. empty: Determines whether a variable is null (null, false, 00, 0, '0', "true will be returned). isset: Determines whether a variable is set (values are false, 00, 0, '0', "true will also be returned).

Summarize