The Linux common command collection is not allowed to be missed

Paste study notes directly:

 System information  
arch  Displays the processor architecture of the machine (1) 
uname -m  Displays the processor architecture of the machine (2) 
uname -r  Displays the kernel version in use  
dmidecode -q  Display hardware system components  - (SMBIOS / DMI) 
hdparm -i /dev/hda  list 1 Architecture features of disk  
hdparm -tT /dev/sda  Perform a testability read operation on the disk  
cat /proc/cpuinfo  According to CPU info The information of  
cat /proc/interrupts  According to the interrupt  
cat /proc/meminfo  Verify memory usage  
cat /proc/swaps  Show which swap By using  
cat /proc/version  Displays the version of the kernel  
cat /proc/net/dev  Displays network adapters and statistics  
cat /proc/mounts  Displays the loaded file systems  
lspci -tv  list  PCI  equipment  
lsusb -tv  According to  USB  equipment  
date  Display system date  
cal 2007  According to 2007 Calendar year  
date 041217002007.00  Set the date and time  -  Month day time year . seconds  
clock -w  Save the time change to  BIOS 
 
 To turn it off  ( Shutdown, restart, and logout of the system  ) 
shutdown -h now  Shut down the system (1) 
init 0  Shut down the system (2) 
telinit 0  Shut down the system (3) 
shutdown -h hours:minutes &  Shut down the system on schedule  
shutdown -c  Cancel scheduled system shutdown  
shutdown -r now  restart (1) 
reboot  restart (2) 
logout  The cancellation  
 
 Files and directories  
cd /home  Enter the  '/ home'  directory ' 
cd ..  On the back 1 Level directory  
cd ../..  Return to the previous two levels of directory  
cd  Go to your home directory  
cd ~user1  Go to your home directory  
cd -  Return to the directory where you were last  
pwd  Show work path  
ls  View the files in the directory  
ls -F  View the files in the directory  
ls -l  Displays file and directory details  
ls -a  Show hidden files  
ls *[0-9]*  Displays the file name and directory name containing the number  
tree  Displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory (1) 
lstree  Displays the tree structure of files and directories starting from the root directory (2) 
mkdir dir1  create 1 called  'dir1'  The directory where the ' 
mkdir dir1 dir2  Create two directories at the same time  
mkdir -p /tmp/dir1/dir2  create 1 A directory tree  
rm -f file1  delete 1 called  'file1'  The file ' 
rmdir dir1  delete 1 called  'dir1'  The directory where the ' 
rm -rf dir1  delete 1 called  'dir1'  Deletes its contents at the same time  
rm -rf dir1 dir2  Delete both directories and their contents at the same time  
mv dir1 new_dir  rename / mobile  1 A directory  
cp file1 file2  copy 1 A file  
cp dir/* .  copy 1 All files in the directory to the current working directory  
cp -a /tmp/dir1 .  copy 1 Directory to the current working directory  
cp -a dir1 dir2  copy 1 A directory  
ln -s file1 lnk1  create 1 A soft link to a file or directory  
ln file1 lnk1  create 1 A physical link to a file or directory  
touch -t 0712250000 file1  Modify the 1 The time stamp of a file or directory  - (YYMMDDhhmm) 
file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text 
iconv -l  Lists known encodings  
iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile creates a new from the given input file by assuming it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to toEncoding. 
find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert "{}" -resize 80x60 "thumbs/{}" \; batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick) 
 
 File search  
find / -name file1  from  '/'  Start searching for files and directories on the root file system  
find / -user user1  Search belongs to the user  'user1'  Files and directories  
find /home/user1 -name \*.bin  In the directory  '/ home/user1'  Middle search zone '.bin'  Closing file  
find /usr/bin -type f -atime +100  Search in the past 100 An execution file that has not been used within days  
find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -10  Search in the 10 A file that has been created or modified within days  
find / -name \*.rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}' \;  The search for  '.rpm'  End of the file and define its permissions  
find / -xdev -name \*.rpm  The search for  '.rpm'  At the end of the file, ignore the cd-rom, disc and other mobile devices  
locate \*.ps  Looking for to  '.ps'  Closing file  -  First run  'updatedb'  The command  
whereis halt  According to 1 a 2 Base file, source code, or man The location of the  
which halt  According to 1 a 2 The full path to a base file or executable  
 
 mount 1 File system  
mount /dev/hda2 /mnt/hda2  mount 1 called hda2 The dish  -  Determine the directory  '/ mnt/hda2'  existing  
umount /dev/hda2  uninstall 1 called hda2 The dish  -  Start at the hardpoint  '/ mnt/hda2'  exit  
fuser -km /mnt/hda2  Force uninstall when the device is busy  
umount -n /mnt/hda2  Run the unload operation without writing  /etc/mtab  file -  This is useful when the file is read-only or when the disk is full  
mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy  mount 1 A floppy disk  
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom  mount 1 a cdrom or dvdrom 
mount /dev/hdc /mnt/cdrecorder  mount 1 a cdrw or dvdrom 
mount /dev/hdb /mnt/cdrecorder  mount 1 a cdrw or dvdrom 
mount -o loop file.iso /mnt/cdrom  mount 1 A file or ISO Image file  
mount -t vfat /dev/hda5 /mnt/hda5  mount 1 a Windows FAT32 The file system  
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbdisk  mount 1 a usb  A thumb drive or flash memory device  
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share  mount 1 a windows A network share  
 
 Disk space  
df -h  Displays a list of mounted partitions  
ls -lSr |more  Arrange files and directories by size  
du -sh dir1  To estimate the directory  'dir1'  Used disk space ' 
du -sk * | sort -rn  Displays the file and directory sizes in order of size  
rpm -q -a --qf '%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n' | sort -k1,1n  Displays installed ones in order of size rpm The space used by the package  (fedora, redhat Such systems ) 
dpkg-query -W -f='${Installed-Size;10}t${Package}n' | sort -k1,1n  Displays installed by size deb The space used by the package  (ubuntu, debian Such systems ) 
 
 Users and groups  
groupadd group_name  create 1 Two new user groups  
groupdel group_name  delete 1 A group of users  
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name  rename 1 A group of users  
useradd -c "Name Surname " -g admin -d /home/user1 -s /bin/bash user1  create 1 A to belong to  "admin"  Users of user groups  
useradd user1  create 1 A new user  
userdel -r user1  delete 1 A user  ( '-r'  Exclude home directory ) 
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d /ftp/user1 -s /bin/nologin user1  Modify user properties  
passwd  Change password  
passwd user1  Modify the 1 User's password  ( Only allow root perform ) 
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1  Set the expiration date of the user password  
pwck  check  '/etc/passwd'  File format and syntax corrections exist for users as well  
grpck  check  '/etc/passwd'  File format and syntax corrections as well as the existence of groups  
newgrp group_name  Log into 1 To change the default group for the newly created file  
 
 File permissions  -  use  "+"  Set permissions to use  "-"  Used to cancel  
ls -lh  Show permissions  
ls /tmp | pr -T5 -W$COLUMNS  Divide the terminal into 5 Bar displays  
chmod ugo+rwx directory1  Set the directory to the owner (u) , groups, (g) And others (o) To read ( r  ), and write (w) And perform (x) The permissions  
chmod go-rwx directory1  Delete the group (g) With others (o) Read and write access to the directory  
chown user1 file1  change 1 The owner property of a file  
chown -R user1 directory1  change 1 Change the properties of all the files in the directory at the same time  
chgrp group1 file1  Change the group of files  
chown user1:group1 file1  change 1 The owner and group properties of a file  
find / -perm -u+s  list 1 All of the systems used SUID Controlled file  
chmod u+s /bin/file1  Set up the 1 a 2 Base file  SUID  position  -  The user who runs the file is also given the same privileges as the owner  
chmod u-s /bin/file1  disable 1 a 2 Base file  SUID position  
chmod g+s /home/public  Set up the 1 A directory of SGID  position  -  similar SUID  But this is for the directory  
chmod g-s /home/public  disable 1 A directory of  SGID  position  
chmod o+t /home/public  Set up the 1 A file  STIKY  position  -  Only legal owners are allowed to delete files  
chmod o-t /home/public  disable 1 A directory of  STIKY  position  
 
 Special properties of the file  -  use  "+"  Set permissions to use  "-"  Used to cancel  
chattr +a file1  Only appends are allowed to read and write files  
chattr +c file1  Allows this file to be compressed automatically by the kernel / Unpack the  
chattr +d file1  When doing a file system backup, dump The program will ignore this file  
chattr +i file1  Set to an immutable file that cannot be deleted, modified, renamed, or linked  
chattr +s file1  allow 1 Two files were safely deleted  
chattr +S file1 1 Once the application writes to the file, the system immediately writes the modified result to disk  
chattr +u file1  If a file is deleted, the system will allow you to recover the deleted file later  
lsattr  Displays special properties  
 
 Package and compress files  
bunzip2 file1.bz2  Unpack the 1 called  'file1.bz2' The file  
bzip2 file1  The compression 1 called  'file1'  The file  
gunzip file1.gz  Unpack the 1 called  'file1.gz' The file  
gzip file1  The compression 1 called  'file1' The file  
gzip -9 file1  Maximum compression  
rar a file1.rar test_file  create 1 called  'file1.rar'  The package  
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1  At the same time compression  'file1', 'file2'  As well as the directory  'dir1' 
rar x file1.rar  Unpack the rar package  
unrar x file1.rar  Unpack the rar package  
tar -cvf archive.tar file1  create 1 It's uncompressed  tarball 
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1  create 1 A contains  'file1', 'file2'  As well as  'dir1' Archive file  
tar -tf archive.tar  According to 1 The contents of a package  
tar -xvf archive.tar  The release of 1 A package  
tar -xvf archive.tar -C /tmp  Release the compressed package into  /tmp directory  
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1  create 1 a bzip2 Format of the compressed package  
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2  Unpack the 1 a bzip2 Format of the compressed package  
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1  create 1 a gzip Format of the compressed package  
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz  Unpack the 1 a gzip Format of the compressed package  
zip file1.zip file1  create 1 a zip Format of the compressed package  
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1  Compress several files and directories into 1 a zip Format of the compressed package  
unzip file1.zip  Unpack the 1 a zip Format package  
 
RPM  package  -  ( Fedora, Redhat And similar systems)  
rpm -ivh package.rpm  The installation 1 a rpm package  
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm  The installation 1 a rpm The package ignores the dependency warnings  
rpm -U package.rpm  update 1 a rpm The package does not change its configuration file  
rpm -F package.rpm  update 1 One is sure to have been installed rpm package  
rpm -e package_name.rpm  delete 1 a rpm package  
rpm -qa  Displays all installed files on the system rpm package  
rpm -qa | grep httpd  Displays all name contained  "httpd"  The wording of the rpm package  
rpm -qi package_name  To obtain 1 Special information about installed packages  
rpm -qg "System Environment/Daemons"  According to 1 A component of rpm package  
rpm -ql package_name  According to 1 Two already installed rpm A list of files provided by the package  
rpm -qc package_name  According to 1 Two already installed rpm A list of configuration files provided by the package  
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires  Display and 1 a rpm The package has a list of dependencies  
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides  According to 1 a rpm The volume of the package  
rpm -q package_name --scripts  Display at installation / Script executed during deletion l 
rpm -q package_name --changelog  According to 1 a rpm Package modification history  
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf  Confirm which files are given rpm Provided by the package  
rpm -qp package.rpm -l  According to the 1 Not yet installed rpm A list of files provided by the package  
rpm --import /media/cdrom/RPM-GPG-KEY  Import the public key digital certificate  
rpm --checksig package.rpm  confirm 1 a rpm Package integrity  
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey  Verify all installed rpm Package integrity  
rpm -V package_name  Check file size,   License, type, owner, group, MD5 Review and last modified time  
rpm -Va  Check all installed in the system rpm package -  Be careful with  
rpm -Vp package.rpm  confirm 1 a rpm The package has not been installed  
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories *bin*  from 1 a rpm The package runs the executable  
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/package.rpm  from 1 a rpm The source code to install 1 A built package  
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm  from 1 a rpm The source code to build 1 a  rpm  package  
 
YUM  Software package upgrader  -  ( Fedora, RedHat And similar systems)  
yum install package_name  Download and install 1 a rpm package  
yum localinstall package_name.rpm  Will be installed 1 a rpm Package, use your own repository to resolve all dependencies for you  
yum update package_name.rpm  Updates all installations on the current system rpm package  
yum update package_name  update 1 a rpm package  
yum remove package_name  delete 1 a rpm package  
yum list  Lists all packages installed on the current system  
yum search package_name  in rpm Search the repository for software packages  
yum clean packages  Clean up the rpm Cache removes downloaded packages  
yum clean headers  Delete all header files  
yum clean all  Delete all cached package and header files  
 
DEB  package  (Debian, Ubuntu  And systems like that ) 
dpkg -i package.deb  The installation / update 1 a  deb  package  
dpkg -r package_name  Delete from the system 1 a  deb  package  
dpkg -l  Displays all installed files on the system  deb  package  
dpkg -l | grep httpd  Displays all name contained  "httpd"  The wording of the deb package  
dpkg -s package_name  Get already installed on the system 1 Information about a special package  
dpkg -L package_name  Display system installed 1 a deb A list of files provided by the package  
dpkg --contents package.deb  Displays what has not been installed 1 A list of files provided by a package  
dpkg -S /bin/ping  Confirm which files are given deb Package provides  
 
APT  Software tools  (Debian, Ubuntu  And systems like that ) 
apt-get install package_name  The installation / update 1 a  deb  package  
apt-cdrom install package_name  Install from CD / update 1 a  deb  package  
apt-get update  Upgrade the packages in the list  
apt-get upgrade  Upgrade all installed software  
apt-get remove package_name  Delete from the system 1 a deb package  
apt-get check  Verify that the dependent software repository is correct  
apt-get clean  Clean the cache from the downloaded package  
apt-cache search searched-package  Returns the package name that contains the string to search for  
 
 View file contents  
cat file1  From the first 1 Four bytes start to view the contents of the file forward  
tac file1  From the last 1 Rows begin to be viewed in reverse 1 The contents of a file  
more file1  To view 1 The contents of a long file  
less file1  Similar to the  'more'  Command, but it allows forward and forward operations in files 1 Reverse operation of the sample  
head -2 file1  To view 1 The first two lines of a file  
tail -2 file1  To view 1 The last two lines of a file  
tail -f /var/log/messages  Live view is added to 1 The contents of a file  
 
 Text processing  
cat file1 file2 ... | command <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT 
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) > result.txt  merge 1 The detailed text of the file, and the introduction is written 1 In a new file  
cat file1 | command( sed, grep, awk, grep, etc...) >> result.txt  merge 1 The detailed text of the file, and the introduction is written 1 Two existing files  
grep Aug /var/log/messages  In the file  '/var/log/messages' Search for keywords in "Aug" 
grep ^Aug /var/log/messages  In the file  '/var/log/messages' Look for to "Aug" Beginning words  
grep [0-9] /var/log/messages  choose  '/var/log/messages'  All lines in the file that contain Numbers  
grep Aug -R /var/log/*  In the directory  '/var/log'  And the following directory to search for strings "Aug" 
sed 's/stringa1/stringa2/g' example.txt  will example.txt In the file  "string1"  replace  "string2" 
sed '/^$/d' example.txt  from example.txt Delete all blank lines from the file  
sed '/ *#/d; /^$/d' example.txt  from example.txt Remove all comments and blank lines from the file  
echo 'esempio' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'  Merge the contents of the next and next cells  
sed -e '1d' result.txt  From the file example.txt  To exclude the first 1 line  
sed -n '/stringa1/p'  The view contains only terms  "string1" The rows of  
sed -e 's/ *$//' example.txt  Delete every 1 The blank character at the end of the line  
sed -e 's/stringa1//g' example.txt  Only terms are removed from the document  "string1"  And keep the rest  
sed -n '1,5p;5q' example.txt  Viewing from the first 1 Line to the first 5 line  
sed -n '5p;5q' example.txt  Look at the first 5 line  
sed -e 's/00*/0/g' example.txt  Replace multiple zeros with a single zero  
cat -n file1  Indicates the number of lines in the file  
cat example.txt | awk 'NR%2==1'  delete example.txt All the even lines in the file  
echo a b c | awk '{print $1}'  To view 1 Line first 1 bar  
echo a b c | awk '{print $1,$3}'  To view 1 The first 1 And the first 3 bar  
paste file1 file2  Merge the contents of two files or two columns  
paste -d '+' file1 file2  Merge the contents of two files or two columns, in between "+" Distinguish between  
sort file1 file2  Sort the contents of two files  
sort file1 file2 | uniq  Retrieves the union of two files ( Duplicate lines are reserved 1 Copy of the ) 
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u  Delete the intersection, leaving the other rows  
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d  Takes the intersection of two files ( Only files that exist in both files are left ) 
comm -1 file1 file2  Compare the contents of two files to delete only  'file1'  The contents contained  
comm -2 file1 file2  Compare the contents of two files to delete only  'file2'  The contents contained  
comm -3 file1 file2  Comparing the contents of two files removes only the parts that the two files have in common  
 
 Character setup and file format conversion  
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt  will 1 Text file format from MSDOS Converted to UNIX 
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt  will 1 Text file format from UNIX Converted to MSDOS 
recode ..HTML < page.txt > page.html  will 1 Two text files to convert to html 
recode -l | more  Displays all allowed conversion formats  
 
 File system analysis  
badblocks -v /dev/hda1  Check the disk hda1 Bad magnetic block on  
fsck /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk linux File system integrity  
fsck.ext2 /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk ext2 File system integrity  
e2fsck /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk ext2 File system integrity  
e2fsck -j /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk ext3 File system integrity  
fsck.ext3 /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk ext3 File system integrity  
fsck.vfat /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk fat File system integrity  
fsck.msdos /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk dos File system integrity  
dosfsck /dev/hda1  repair / check hda1 On the disk dos File system integrity  
 
 Initialize the 1 File system  
mkfs /dev/hda1  in hda1 Partition to create 1 File system  
mke2fs /dev/hda1  in hda1 Partition to create 1 a linux ext2 File system  
mke2fs -j /dev/hda1  in hda1 Partition to create 1 a linux ext3( Log type ) File system  
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F /dev/hda1  create 1 a  FAT32  The file system  
fdformat -n /dev/fd0  formatting 1 A floppy disk  
mkswap /dev/hda3  create 1 a swap The file system  
 
SWAP The file system  
mkswap /dev/hda3  create 1 a swap The file system  
swapon /dev/hda3  To enable the 1 A new one swap The file system  
swapon /dev/hda2 /dev/hdb3  To enable the two swap partition  
 
 The backup  
dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home  making 1 a  '/home'  A full backup of the directory  
dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak /home  making 1 a  '/home'  Interactive backup of directories  
restore -if /tmp/home0.bak  reduction 1 10 interactive backups  
rsync -rogpav --delete /home /tmp  Synchronize the directories on both sides  
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete /home ip_address:/tmp  through SSH channel rsync 
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr:/home/public /home/local  through ssh And the compression will 1 Two remote directories are synchronized to a local directory  
rsync -az -e ssh --delete /home/local ip_addr:/home/public  through ssh And compression synchronize the local directory to the remote directory  
dd bs=1M if=/dev/hda | gzip | ssh user@ip_addr 'dd of=hda.gz'  through ssh Execute on the remote host 1 The operation of secondary backing up the local disk  
dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/file1  Backup disk contents to 1 A file  
tar -Puf backup.tar /home/user  perform 1 Time for  '/home/user'  Interactive backup of directories  
( cd /tmp/local/ && tar c . ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/share/ && tar x -p'  through ssh Copy in a remote directory 1 Directory contents  
( tar c /home ) | ssh -C user@ip_addr 'cd /home/backup-home && tar x -p'  through ssh Copy in a remote directory 1 Local directories  
tar cf - . | (cd /tmp/backup ; tar xf - )  Local will 1 Copy the directory to another 1 Keep the original permissions and links  
find /home/user1 -name '*.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory=/home/backup/ --parents  from 1 Directory lookup and copy all to  '.txt'  End the file to another 1 A directory  
find /var/log -name '*.log' | tar cv --files-from=- | bzip2 > log.tar.bz2  Find all  '.log'  End the file and make it 1 a bzip package  
dd if=/dev/hda of=/dev/fd0 bs=512 count=1  do 1 A will  MBR (Master Boot Record) The action of copying content to a floppy disk  
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1  Restore from a backup that has been saved to a floppy disk MBR content  
 
 CD  
cdrecord -v gracetime=2 dev=/dev/cdrom -eject blank=fast -force  empty 1 One can copy the cd-rom content  
mkisofs /dev/cdrom > cd.iso  Create on disk 1 A CD iso Image file  
mkisofs /dev/cdrom | gzip > cd_iso.gz  Create on disk 1 A compact disc iso Image file  
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd  create 1 A directory of iso Image file  
cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom cd.iso  burn 1 a ISO Image file  
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom -  burn 1 It's compressed ISO Image file  
mount -o loop cd.iso /mnt/iso  mount 1 a ISO Image file  
cd-paranoia -B  from 1 a CD CD transcribed audio tracks to  wav  In the file  
cd-paranoia -- "-3"  from 1 a CD CD transcribed audio tracks to  wav  In the file (parameter -3 )  
cdrecord --scanbus  Scan the bus for recognition scsi channel  
dd if=/dev/hdc | md5sum  check 1 A device md5sum Code, such as 1 zhang  CD 
 
 network  -  (Ethernet and WIFI Wireless)  
ifconfig eth0  According to 1 Two Ethernet card configurations  
ifup eth0  To enable the 1 a  'eth0'  Network equipment  
ifdown eth0  disable 1 a  'eth0'  Network equipment  
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0  control IP address  
ifconfig eth0 promisc  Set up the  'eth0'  To sniff packets in promiscuous mode  (sniffing) 
dhclient eth0  In order to dhcp Mode is enabled  'eth0' 
route -n show routing table 
route add -net 0/0 gw IP_Gateway configura default gateway 
route add -net 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 gw 192.168.1.1 configure static route to reach network '192.168.0.0/16' 
route del 0/0 gw IP_gateway remove static route 
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward activate ip routing 
hostname show hostname of system 
host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa(1) 
nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa(2) 
ip link show show link status of all interfaces 
mii-tool eth0 show link status of 'eth0' 
ethtool eth0 show statistics of network card 'eth0' 
netstat -tup show all active network connections and their PID 
netstat -tupl show all network services listening on the system and their PID 
tcpdump tcp port 80 show all HTTP traffic 
iwlist scan show wireless networks 
iwconfig eth1 show configuration of a wireless network card 
hostname show hostname 
host www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa 
nslookup www.example.com lookup hostname to resolve name to ip address and viceversa 
whois www.example.com lookup on Whois database 
 
Microsoft Windows networks (SAMBA) 
nbtscan ip_addr netbios name resolution 
nmblookup -A ip_addr netbios name resolution 
smbclient -L ip_addr/hostname show remote shares of a windows host 
smbget -Rr smb://ip_addr/share like wget can download files from a host windows via smb 
mount -t smbfs -o username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share /mnt/share mount a windows network share 

Ok, that's all, you can also combine the relevant linux books for learning, I hope you can make progress in the New Year!